This post examines why academic-led journal publishing is key to lowering the rising cost of research, the technology that’s defining the academic-led publishing movement, and a detailed case study of a modern academic-led journal.
There’s a new phenomenon in the realm of academic journal publishing, which has long been ruled by a handful of corporate publishers commanding profit margins in excess of 30%: in recent years, learned societies, libraries, and groups of scholars have begun taking back control of academic journals by flipping corporate-run journals to academic or academy-led publishing models and launching new open access (OA) titles online.
There have been many cases of individual journals declaring independence from corporate publishers, such as the editors of Lingua leaving the Elsevier journal to launch an OA counterpart, Glossa. Recent reports suggest that academic-led publishing is picking up at the organizational level also. A 2018 Jisc paper titled, “Changing publishing ecologies: A landscape study of new university presses and academic-led publishing,” which included interviews with 14 academic-led presses in the UK or publishing in the UK market, and a survey of 43 universities, found 19 new university presses in operation and nine planning to launch in the next five years. The driving force behind these institution-run presses was, “to provide an alternative to the existing legacy model and combat the huge profits made within the sector.”
Could enough brave academic-led publishing Davids take on Goliath publishers like Elsevier?
While disparities of size may make this matchup seem near impossible, it’s important to remember that it’s not always the magnitude of a competitor that determines their success, but rather the tools they use. The internet is making research dissemination easy and affordable, so that even the leanest of publishers can prevail. Why academic-led publishing? And why now? One word: technology.
Academic-led publishing to break up the corporate publisher conglomerate
As Michael Eisen, one of the co-founders of the Public Library of Science (PLOS), points out in “The Past, Present, and Future of Scholarly Publishing,” there’s a frightening irony at play when:
Since the early 1990s, academics have championed making research open access, or free to read online, as the way to break down prohibitive paywalls - but it hasn’t proven to be enough to make research truly accessible.
Even with more journals adopting online-only OA publishing models, the cost of research is not necessarily going down. Many publishers are simply shifting their income models from subscriptions to growing APCs. Between 2012 and 2016 the average APC was nearly two thousand dollars and the consumer price index for APCs rose by around 5% - well above the rate of inflation.
Given the strong profit incentives of corporate publishers, academic-led online journal publishing is the only true solution to halt the rising cost of research. As Scholastica Co-Founder and CEO Brian Cody explained in an interview with Research Information:
How can academic-led journals and presses compete with such publisher giants?
As discussed in Scholastica’s white paper, “Democratizing Academic Journals: Technology, Services, and Open Access,” the power of academic-led publishing is its ability to accelerate the atomization of journals. This can happen through academic-led publishers breaking up the trifecta of factors that have allowed a few corporate publishers to control swaths of titles:
- Centralized control of research - particularly in the form of copyright ownership
- Specialization of journal publishing
- Control over bibliometric impact measures
So long as these power differentials remain in place, the proverbial “academic publishing stage” will remain tilted. But, academic-led publishing has the power to change all of that. While working with publisher partners was often necessary for scholarly organizations to publish journals in the age of print, when the tools and specialized knowledge to do so weren’t easily accessible, in our 21st-century research environment, anyone can publish online journals with the right software. You can go ahead and slash “specialization” off the list above.
Moving to the other two points — as tools put the power to publish into everyone’s hands, centralized journal control will dissipate as well. What’s left? - “control over bibliometric impact measures.” As Eisen notes, “academia is an industry of prestige, and the currency in which prestige is traded is journal titles,” which are mainly assessed based on their Impact Factor. However, online publishing is also shifting scholars away from the idea of “journal brands“ and journal-based bibliometrics. As scholars transition from looking for journal titles to looking for relevant research at the article level via online searches, article-level metrics are becoming leading research impact indicators. And online tools are making it possible for journals of all sizes to track these stats. Item number 3 is no longer a stronghold.
The academic-led journal publishing future isn’t some far-off utopia — it’s an open frontier to explore. And, as explained by Björn Brembs, Professor of Neurogenetics at the University of Regensburg and OA advocate, it’s the only way forward.
Brembs has advocated for service-based and academic-led publishing saying. “What we have now is a status quo that is a potential threat to the entire scientific endeavor, both from an access perspective and from a content perspective […] The need for drastic reform has never been so pressing. Only the existing model of Scholastica, Ubiquity, etc., is sustainable, as it allows for switching publication services, without interruption of service or access to content. Publishing in the future will be a service, not a content-hoarding-and-extortion business.”
“Publishing in the future will be a service, not a content-hoarding-and-extortion business.”
As explained by digital scholarship consultant Sarah Lippincott in her article, “Library as Publisher: New Models of Scholarly Communication for a New Era,” academic-led publishing can also address other mounting concerns shared by libraries. “In addition to escalating prices, librarians cite a number of other frustrations with the scholarly publishing marketplace. Commercial scholarly publishers typically protect their content with restrictive licenses and author agreements in conjunction with digital rights management (DRM) protections that aim to prevent unauthorized distribution or piracy. Authors retain limited rights to their work and limited control over how to distribute it. Scholars frequently experience long delays between submission and publication, potentially slowing the pace of innovation.”
Technology gives academic-led journals a toolkit for success
There are countless examples of OA journals being published by non-profit organizations and groups of scholars at a fraction of the cost of corporate publishers and without imposing copyright constraints on authors. Examples of alternatives to corporate-run journals include Collabra Psychology, a University of California Press OA journal that operates with a below-market APC, and Discrete Analysis, an arXiv overlay mathematics journal that operates with a small grant from the University of Cambridge without author or reader fees. These journals are following the service-based publishing model described by Brembs, and, as such, they remain in academic control.
The tools to publish academic-led journals are clearly out there, but do enough academics and institutions know about them?
As pointed out by Janneke Adema, research fellow in digital media at Coventry University, and Graham Stone, research activity manager for Jisc Collections, there are still large gaps in awareness. They explain that many “platforms and tools are unknown to universities and academics interested in setting up a press, or require heavy customization or significant financial investment.” They argue that “bringing together more information about these tools and platforms […] will be essential.”
What are some publishing tools groups of scholars and institutions can use right now? Below are just a few:
- Software to manage peer review and host OA journals, like Scholastica’s solutions
- Article-level metric and publishing analytics tracking tools like Altmetric
- Digital-first production services for efficient PDF, HTML, and XML article creation
- Major OA indexes like the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
- Free information on copyright and open licenses from organizations like Creative Commons
The idea of developing a publishing toolkit that Adema and Stone suggest in their article is a great analogy. Academics should learn about the tools available and then gauge the time and knowledge needed to implement each. The beauty of academic-led publishing using software and services is that institutional publishers and scholar-led journals can select the right publishing model and mix of tools based on their needs.
A great example about spreading the word about academic-led publishing and different models available is Sarah Lippincott’s article “Library as Publisher: New Models of Scholarly Communication for a New Era,” which provides a comprehensive overview of how libraries can launch and support academic-led journals.
Even groups not yet ready to launch an academic-led journal or publishing program should start to fill their toolboxes with information!
Meet a modern open access journal: Survey Practice
We’ve discussed the need to lower research access costs as a primary reason for academic-led publishing - but what about improving research quality and discoverability online?
The predominant journal publishing model is rife with print-based anachronisms that are holding back researchers from using the internet to its full potential. If you’re not convinced of the need for journals to transition to born-digital and online-only publishing models, consider the 2015 STM report, which states: “All STM journals are now available online, with just a few exceptions [and…] print editions will […] start to disappear from publisher’s lists in significant numbers over the next couple of years.” Focusing on print publishing models is not the answer to a modern research future.
One of the key areas where many journals fall short in online publishing is website design. Many journals have defaulted to print-based publishing layouts online wherein the journal website becomes a static page of issues that link to lists of articles. You end up with something like this (so many hyperlinks!):
All we have to say is - 1992 called - it wants its journal website back!
In all seriousness, websites that are laid out like this are not designed to provide a modern reading experience. Corporate-run print-based journals have been slow to adopt online publishing best practices. But, with affordable online tools, and without publisher constraints, academic-led journals can easily forge modern digital-first publishing models.
Fields Medalist Timothy Gowers spoke to the importance of academic-led journals paving the way for more modern publishing practices in an interview about his decision to launch Discrete Analysis using Scholastica’s Open Access Publishing Platform.
“I hope [scholars] will notice that the journal’s website is far better designed than almost any other website of a mathematics journal. Ours is easier to navigate and nicer than the websites of any other journals or commercial publishers I’ve seen,” said Gowers. “We’re showing that you can have an online reading experience that’s as high quality as print and you can do it without a publisher.”
Other problem areas of the typical online journal include:
- Not being accessible on mobile
- Holding up research publication by retaining the issue-based publishing model
- Failing to follow search engine optimization best practices
- Failing to present content in an engaging way
Let’s look at an example to map out what a modern open access journal should look like. Meet Survey Practice, an online-only journal published by the American Association for Public Opinion Research. They follow a service-based publishing model using Scholastica for peer review, open access publishing, and typesetting in order to produce modern open access articles.
What sets Survey Practice apart from the predominant online journal publishing model?
1. Rolling publishing: By exploring different academic publishing software options available to them, Survey Practice was able to transition from issue-based publishing to a rolling publishing model, in which articles are published as they’re ready. So unlike journals waiting months or even years to compile issues to publish online, Survey Practice is able to get timely research published as soon as it’s available. “We’re not a print journal. So there was no reason for us to be waiting to publish issues,” said Editor-in-Chief Ashley Amaya. “I think that’s a holdover from the pre-internet era and one of the things that just didn’t make sense online.”
2. 21st-century reading experience: Survey Practice offers a modern reading experience by publishing on a website designed for online journal browsing, rather than to mirror a print journal layout. The journal website showcases images of recent articles on its homepage and includes a dropdown of articles by category as well as article search functionality that scholars can use to easily browse content online. The journal website and its articles are also mobile-friendly. Using Scholastica’s Production Service, Survey Practice is able to publish both HTML and PDF articles. When scholars navigate to articles, they are taken to the mobile-friendly HTML version with a quick PDF download button at the top.
3. Analytic insights: Using Scholastica’s Open Access Publishing Platform, Survey Practice has a suite of publishing analytics available to them that they can share with interested authors if they choose. The analytics suite includes:
- Article pageview and download counts
- Journal website pageviews
- Full website referrers (websites that link to their articles/journal pages)
- Unique visitors
- Readers by country
- Top viewed articles and pages
4. Totally academic-led: Notice that we haven’t mentioned a corporate publisher so far. That’s because Survey Practice is able to manage peer review and publishing on its own. As a result, the journal is able to publish on its own terms and can keep journal costs, copyright, and access in the hands of the academic community.
The academic-led publishing future is now
The time for academic-led journal publishing is now. Ultimately, democratization of journal publishing via online services will put control of the entire research lifecycle - from peer review to production to distribution - back in the hands of the scholarly community.
The tools to launch and operate academic-led journals are available today and constantly improving. Scholars and academic institutions have access to the knowledge needed to run journals, now all that’s needed is action. Open access is at a tipping point - it’s time for scholars to take back control. Let’s spread the word about academic-led publishing and how to get started.
